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    Topic cluster

    Governance & Risk

    Deploying AI without creating legal, security or reputational exposure.

    What does governance & risk cover?

    Policy, oversight, data protection and audit trails for AI systems operating inside a business.

    Definitions in this cluster

    • Hallucination

      A hallucination is a confident, fluent model output that is factually wrong or fabricated. It is a structural property of next-token prediction, not a bug that a better prompt fully removes.

    • Human in the loop

      Human in the loop means a person reviews or approves AI output before it takes effect. It is the standard control for automated decisions with financial, legal, safety or reputational consequences.

    • AI governance

      AI governance is the set of policies, approvals, records and controls that determine which AI systems a business may deploy, on what data, with what oversight, and who is accountable for outcomes.

    • Guardrails

      Guardrails are the technical constraints that stop an AI system from acting outside its permitted scope — allowed tools, spending limits, output filters, escalation triggers and refusal rules.

    • Prompt injection

      Prompt injection is an attack in which malicious instructions hidden in content the model reads — a web page, an email, a document — cause it to ignore its original task or misuse its tools.

    Guides & analysis